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Term : Tokamak
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Definition : This term is an acronym created from the Russian words, ``TOroidalnaya KAmera ee MAgnitnaya Katushka,'' or ``Toroidal Chamber and Magnetic Coil'', and denotes a class of systems for the toroidal magnetic confinement of thermonuclear fusion plasmas. Originally designed by Andrei Sakharov (1921-1989) and developed in the USSR, the tokamak began setting performance records for magnetic confinement fusion systems in the late 1960s and remains the leading concept for magnetic confinement fusion today. The tokamak configuration is perhaps most easily visualized by considering a cylindrical vacuum tube (typically of D or O-shaped cross section) which has been bent around a symmetry axis into a torus. A solenoid coil wound around the original tube provides a strong toroidal magnetic field (which can vary from about 0.1 to over 10 Tesla). Magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and stability are achieved through a combination of externally-driven toroidal plasma currents (up to tens of millions of Amperes, forming the necessary poloidal magnetic field) and externally applied vertical magnetic fields. Perhaps the easiest way to produce the toroidal plasma current is to orient a second solenoid along the symmetry axis of the torus and use the toroidal plasma as a 1-turn transformer secondary coil. The resulting ohmic heating is sufficient to produce temperatures on the order of 1 million K or more, depending on the plasma density and the capability of the toroidal field to confine the plasma. So far ohmic heating has been insufficient to produce fusion energy, however, and this mode of operation is inherently pulsed, which has motivated research into alternative methods of plasma current drive.
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